Bacteriophages infect and replicate inside a bacterial host as well as serve as natural bio-
control agents. Phages were once viewed as nuisances that caused fermentation failures …

Microbes can be an important source of phenotypic plasticity in insects. Insect physiology,
behaviour, and ecology are influenced by individual variation in the microbial communities …

Mycoviruses are viruses that infect fungi, and hypovirulence-associated mycoviruses have
the potential to control fungal diseases. However, it is unclear how mycovirus-mediated …

Relaxation of selective strength, manifested as a reduction in the efficiency or intensity of
natural selection, can drive evolutionary innovation and presage lineage extinction or loss of …

The notion of the “biological individual” is crucial to studies of genetics, immunology,
evolution, development, anatomy, and physiology. Each of these biological subdisciplines …

Mucosal surfaces are a main entry point for pathogens and the principal sites of defense
against infection. Both bacteria and phage are associated with this mucus. Here we show …

The integration of research from developmental biology and ecology into evolutionary theory
has given rise to a relatively new field, ecological evolutionary developmental biology (Eco …

Background Microbe–virus interactions have broad implications on the composition,
function, and evolution of microbiomes. Elucidating the effects of environmental stresses on …

Animal hosts have initiated myriad symbiotic associations with microorganisms and often
have maintained these symbioses for millions of years, spanning drastic changes in …

The human microbiome substantially affects many aspects of human physiology, including
metabolism, drug interactions and numerous diseases. This realization, coupled with ever …