The tremendous therapeutic potential of voltage-gated sodium channels (Navs) has been
the subject of many studies in the past and is of intense interest today. Nav1. 7 channels in …

Conopeptides are a diverse group of recently evolved venom peptides used for prey capture
and/or defense. Each species of cone snails produces in excess of 1000 conopeptides, with …

Voltage-gated sodium channels open (activate) when the membrane is depolarized and
close on repolarization (deactivate) but also on continuing depolarization by a process …

Venoms of snakes, scorpions, spiders, insects, sea anemones, and cone snails are complex
mixtures of mostly peptides and small proteins that have evolved for prey capture and/or …

Voltage‐gated sodium channels (NaV channels) are essential for the initiation and
propagation of action potentials that critically influence our ability to respond to a diverse …

In the four decades since toxinologists in Australia and elsewhere started to investigate the
active constituents of venomous cone snails, a wealth of information has emerged on the …

Dermatoses caused by marine organisms are frequently seen in dermatology clinics
worldwide. Cutaneous injuries after exposure to marine environments include bacterial and …

Toxins and venom components that target voltage-gated sodium (Na V) channels have
evolved numerous times due to the importance of this class of ion channels in the normal …

Venomous animals including cone snails, spiders, scorpions, anemones, and snakes have
evolved a myriad of components in their venoms that target the opening and/or closing of …

Various neurotoxic peptides modulate voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels and thereby
affect cellular excitability. δ-Conotoxins from predatory cone snails slow down inactivation of …