Evolution of RNA viruses occurs through disequilibria of collections of closely related mutant
spectra or mutant clouds termed viral quasispecies. Here we review the origin of the …

▪ Abstract RNA viruses exploit all known mechanisms of genetic variation to ensure their
survival. Distinctive features of RNA virus replication include high mutation rates, high yields …

Regulation, recognition and cell signaling involve the coordinated actions of many players.
To achieve this coordination, each participant must have a valid identification (ID) that is …

Foot-and-mouth disease virus evolution is strongly influenced by high mutation rates and a
quasispecies dynamics. Mutant swarms are subjected to positive selection, negative …

Human parechovirus (HPeV) is increasingly being recognized as a potentially severe viral
infection in neonates and young infants. HPeV belongs to the family Picornaviridae and is …

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) was the first animal virus identified. Since then, FMDV
has become a model system in animal virology and a considerable amount of information on …

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is an aphthovirus of the family Picornaviridae and the
etiological agent of the economically most important animal disease. As a typical …

Evolution of receptor specificity by viruses has several implications for viral pathogenesis,
host range, virus-mediated gene targeting, and viral adaptation after organ transplantation …

Escape of picornaviruses from neutralization by monoclonal antibodies is mediated by
substitutions of very few, defined amino acid residues of the capsid, generally located on the …

A large-scale vaccination experiment involving a total of 138 cattle was carried out to
evaluate the potential of synthetic peptides as vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease …