Probiotics have several health benefits by modulating gut microbiome; however, techno-
functional limitations such as viability controls have hampered their full potential applications …

The intestine is fundamental in controlling human health. Intestinal epithelial and immune
cells are continuously exposed to millions of microbes that greatly impact on intestinal …

Nanosized extracellular vesicles derived from bacteria contain diverse cargo and transfer
intercellular bioactive molecules to cells. Due to their favorable intercellular interactions, cell …

Tight junctions play a major role in maintaining the integrity and impermeability of the
intestinal barrier. As such, they act as an ideal target for pathogens to promote their …

In order to inhibit pathogenic complications and to enhance animal and poultry growth,
antibiotics have been extensively used for many years. Antibiotics applications not only …

The biosafety concerns associated with fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) limit their clinical
application in treating ulcerative colitis (UC). Gut microbiota secrete abundant extracellular …

Gram-negative bacteria ubiquitously produce and release nano-size, non-replicative outer
membrane vesicles (OMVs). In the gastrointestinal (GI-) tract, OMVs generated by members …

Extracellular vesicle (EV)-mediated communication between proximal and distant cells is a
highly conserved characteristic in all of the life domains, including bacteria. These vesicles …

Increased gut permeability is suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of a growing
number of disorders. The altered intestinal barrier and the subsequent translocation of …

Bacteria form a highly complex ecosystem in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In recent years,
mounting evidence has shown that bacteria can release nanoscale phospholipid bilayer …