Anthropogenic environmental changes, or 'stressors', increasingly threaten biodiversity and
ecosystem functioning worldwide. Multiple-stressor research is a rapidly expanding field of …

Marine life is controlled by multiple physical and chemical drivers and by diverse ecological
processes. Many of these oceanic properties are being altered by climate change and other …

Ocean acidification represents a threat to marine species worldwide, and forecasting the
ecological impacts of acidification is a high priority for science, management, and policy. As …

Biological communities are shaped by complex interactions between organisms and their
environment as well as interactions with other species. Humans are rapidly changing the …

Although seagrasses and marine macroalgae (macro‐autotrophs) play critical ecological
roles in reef, lagoon, coastal and open‐water ecosystems, their response to ocean …

Ocean ecosystems have responded and will continue to respond to climate changes of
different rates, magnitudes, and durations (virtually certain). Human societies depend on …

With growing environmental pressures placed on our marine habitats there is concern that
the prevalence and severity of diseases affecting marine organisms will increase. Yet …

Ocean acidification, chemical changes to the carbonate system of seawater, is emerging as
a key environmental challenge accompanying global warming and other human‐induced …

Multiple natural and anthropogenic processes alter the carbonate chemistry of the coastal
zone in ways that either exacerbate or mitigate ocean acidification effects. Freshwater inputs …

Coral reefs feed millions of people worldwide, provide coastal protection and generate
billions of dollars annually in tourism revenue. The underlying architecture of a reef is a …