The foundation for the anatomical and functional complexity of the vertebrate central
nervous system is laid during embryogenesis. After Spemann's organizer and its derivatives …

Loss of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons underlies the motor symptoms of Parkinson's
disease. Towards cell replacement, studies have focused on mechanisms underlying …

Animals are evolutionarily related to fungi and to the predominantly unicellular protozoan
phylum Choanozoa, together known as opisthokonts. To establish the sequence of events …

The floor plate, an essential ventral midline organizing center that produces the morphogen
Shh, has distinct properties along the neuraxis. The neurogenic potential of the floor plate …

The interpretation of morphogen gradients is a pivotal concept in developmental biology,
and several mechanisms have been proposed to explain how gene regulatory networks …

The coordination of anterior-posterior (AP) and dorsal-ventral (DV) patterning of the
mesencephalon (mes) and rhombomere 1 (r1) is instrumental for the development of three …

Little is known about the cues controlling the generation of motoneuron populations in the
mammalian ventral midbrain. We show that Otx2 provides the crucial anterior-posterior …

In caudal regions of the diencephalon, sonic hedgehog (Shh) is expressed in the ventral
midline of prosomeres 1-3 (p1-p3), which underlie the pretectum, thalamus and …

The midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental
area play a fundamental role in the control of voluntary movement and the regulation of …

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling regulates multiple morphogenetic processes during
embryonic neurogenesis and craniofacial skeletal development. Gpr161 is a known …