El Niño events are characterized by surface warming of the tropical Pacific Ocean and
weakening of equatorial trade winds that occur every few years. Such conditions are …

Abstract Purpose of Review The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon exhibits
considerable diversity in the amplitude, pattern, and temporal evolution. The processes …

A conditional Gaussian framework for understanding and predicting complex multiscale
nonlinear stochastic systems is developed. Despite the conditional Gaussianity, such …

Abstract El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the most prominent interannual climate
variability in the tropics and exhibits diverse features in spatiotemporal patterns. This paper …

The fundamental dynamical mechanisms of the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
phenomenon have been extensively studied since Bjerknes envisioned ocean‐atmosphere …

Future changes in tropical precipitation affect the livelihood of the world's human population
and ecosystems. Climate models project an increased rainfall intensification under …

Modern instrumental records reveal that El Niño events differ in their spatial patterns and
temporal evolutions. Attempts have been made to categorize them roughly into two main …

Abstract The observed El Niño and La Niña exhibit different complexities in their event‐to‐
event transition patterns. The El Niño is dominated in order by episodic, cyclic, and multiyear …

The aim of this article is to show the global existence of both martingale and pathwise
solutions of stochastic equations with a monotone operator, of the Ladyzenskaya …

The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has significant impact on global climate and
seasonal prediction. A simple modeling framework is developed here that automatically …