The evolutionary origins of sleep and its sub-states, rapid eye movement (REM) and non-
REM (NREM) sleep, found in mammals and birds, remain a mystery. Although the discovery …

Laboratory studies have demonstrated that a single phenotype can be produced by many
different genotypes; however, in natural systems, it is frequently found that phenotypic …

Throughout the evolutionary tree, there are gains and losses of morphological features,
physiological processes, and behavioral patterns. Losses are perhaps nowhere so …

Loss-of-function alleles are a pertinent source of genetic variation with the potential to
contribute to adaptation. Cave-adapted organisms exhibit striking loss of ancestral traits …

The Astyanax mexicanus complex includes two different morphs, a surface‐and a cave‐
adapted ecotype, found at three mountain ranges in Northeastern Mexico: Sierra de El Abra …

Reduction or complete loss of traits is a common occurrence throughout evolutionary history.
In spite of this, numerous questions remain about why and how trait loss has occurred. Cave …

Background Several studies suggested that cavefish populations of Astyanax mexicanus
settled during the Late Pleistocene. This implies that the cavefish's most conspicuous …

The Astyanax genus represents an extraordinary example of phenotypic evolution, being
their most extreme examples the blind and depigmented morphs, which have evolved from …

How genotype determines phenotype is a well-explored question, but genotype–
environment interactions and their heritable impact on phenotype over the course of …

Astyanax mexicanus has repeatedly colonized cave environments, displaying evolutionary
parallelisms in many troglobitic traits. Despite being a model system for the study of …