In the euro area, there is mixed evidence that the GDP per capita of lower-income
economies has been catching up with that of higher-income economies since the start of …

abstract We study whether and when research and development (R&D) activities by foreign
multinationals facilitate the formation and growth of new innovation clusters. Combining …

The literature of Evolutionary Economic Geography (EEG) has received little attention in
Evolutionary Economics, despite overwhelming evidence that time-space dimensions are …

Strong economic growth after the 2008-2009 financial crisis led to a rapid rate of real
convergence in Malta. This article compares Malta's real convergence process with that of …

According to the literature on economic development, the upgrading of core state institutions
is the sine qua non of promoting growth and development in lesser-developed countries …

1 We acknowledge excellent editorial assistance of Toby Law. 2 University College London,
UK 3 National Research University Higher School of Economics Moscow, Russia 4 …

Europe, like many of the world's advanced economies, is facing a fundamental growth
challenge. Growth has slowed in the wake of the global financial crisis, as investment has …

The research employs a comprehensive analysis of existing literature, statistical data, and
expert opinions to identify the primary challenges and opportunities for economic …

The concept of the middle-income challenge, more widely known as the middle-income trap,
is based on a well-known stylized fact. Low-income countries can grow rapidly and graduate …

Our intent is to reinterpret the concept of middle-income trap using the language of the
complex system approach to refer to the unpredictability, non-linearity and the enormous …