Freezing of gait (FoG) is a unique and disabling clinical phenomenon characterised by brief
episodes of inability to step or by extremely short steps that typically occur on initiating gait …

Synchronised neuronal oscillations at beta frequencies are prevalent in the human motor
system, but their function is unclear. In this Opinion article, we propose that the levels of beta …

Although there have been significant advances, pathogenesis in Parkinson's disease (PD) is
still poorly understood. Potential clues about pathogenesis that have not been systematically …

The cortical, cerebellar and brainstem BOLD-signal changes have been identified with fMRI
in humans during mental imagery of walking. In this study the whole brain activation and …

Pedunculopontine nucleus region deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a promising but
experimental therapy for axial motor deficits in Parkinson's disease (PD), particularly gait …

Gait disturbances are frequent and disabling in advanced Parkinson's disease. These
symptoms respond poorly to usual medical and surgical treatments but were reported to be …

Freezing of gait (FOG) is a common and debilitating, but largely mysterious, symptom of
Parkinson disease. In this review, we will discuss the cerebral substrate of FOG focusing on …

Gastrointestinal dysfunction is a prominent manifestation of Parkinson's disease (PD).
Gastrointestinal symptoms in PD include reduced salivation, dysphagia, impaired gastric …

The mesopontine tegmentum, including the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental
nuclei (PPN and LDT), provides major cholinergic inputs to midbrain and regulates …

Although resting tremor, cogwheel rigidity, hypokinesia/bradykinesia and postural instability
usually dominate the clinical picture of sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD), both clinical and …