Melanosomes are organelles that produce and store melanin, a widespread biological
pigment with a unique suite of properties including high refractive index, semiconducting …

Melanins are widespread pigments in vertebrates, with important roles in visual signaling,
UV protection, and homeostasis. Fossil evidence of melanin and melanin-bearing …

The first comprehensive review of all aspects of the biology of moult, drawing information
from across the literature and in all birds, from penguins to passerines. Feathers are …

Iridescent feather colors involved in displays of many extant birds are produced by
nanoscale arrays of melanin-containing organelles (melanosomes). Data relevant to the …

Establishing the links between phenotype and genotype is of great importance for resolving
key questions about the evolution, maintenance and adaptive function of phenotypic …

The colorful phenotypes of birds have long provided rich source material for evolutionary
biologists. Avian plumage, beaks, skin, and eggs—which exhibit a stunning range of cryptic …

Colourful ornaments often communicate salient information to mates, and theory predicts
covariance between signal expression and individual quality. This has borne out among …

Butterflies of the family Pieridae are brightly colored, ranging from white to red, caused by
various pterin pigments concentrated in scattering spheroidal beads in the wing scales …

This chapter will cover clade definitions, the relationships within clades as well as the
occasional controversial relationships between different clades. Phylogenies arising from a …

Atomic and close-to-atomic scale manufacturing (ACSM) aims to provide techniques for
manufacturing in various fields, such as circuit manufacturing, high energy physics …