The metal-air batteries with the largest theoretical energy densities have been paid much
more attention. However, metal-air batteries including Li-air/O 2, Li-CO 2, Na-air/O 2, and Zn …

Commercial lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries suffer from low energy density and do not meet the
growing demands of the energy storage market. Therefore, building next-generation …

Although lithium–oxygen batteries (LOBs) hold great promise as future energy storage
systems, they are impeded by insulated discharge product Li2O2 and sluggish oxygen …

Lithium–air batteries (LABs) have attracted considerable interest in research in recent years
owing to their ultrahigh energy density. However, almost all highly active cathode catalysts …

Non-aqueous Li–O2 batteries have aroused considerable attention because of their
ultrahigh theoretical energy density, but they are severely hindered by slow cathode reaction …

Energy is an indispensable component in the development of modern society.
Nanostructured transition metal phosphides (TMPs) have recently emerged as versatile and …

Solid composite electrolytes (SCEs) that combine the advantages of solid polymer
electrolytes (SPEs) and inorganic ceramic electrolytes (ICEs) present acceptable ionic …

In consideration of the growing problems regarding environment and energy, the
development of clean and renewable electrochemical energy-storage devices has attracted …

The present and future energy requirements of mankind can be fulfilled with sustained
research and development efforts by global scientists. The purpose of this review paper is to …

Abstract Lithium–oxygen (Li–O 2) batteries have great potential for applications in electric
devices and vehicles due to their high theoretical energy density of 3500​ Wh kg− 1 …