Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are virulence factors produced by many pathogenic bacteria and
have long fascinated structural biologists, microbiologists and immunologists. Interestingly …

Venom (toxins) is an important trait evolved along the evolutionary tree of animals. Our
knowledges on venoms, such as their origins and loss, the biological relevance and the …

Biomphalaria snails are instrumental in transmission of the human blood fluke Schistosoma
mansoni. With the World Health Organization's goal to eliminate schistosomiasis as a global …

Owing to their pathogenical role and unique ability to exist both as soluble proteins and
transmembrane complexes, pore-forming toxins (PFTs) have been a focus of microbiologists …

Since the first X-ray structure of Cry3Aa was revealed in 1991, numerous structures of B.
thuringiensis toxins have been determined and published. In recent years, functional studies …

Plants have evolved to synthesize a variety of noxious compounds to cope with unfavorable
circumstances, among which a large group of toxic proteins that play a critical role in plant …

Aerolysin is the founding member of a superfamily of β-pore–forming toxins whose pore
structure is unknown. We have combined X-ray crystallography, cryo-EM, molecular …

Microorganisms have gained defense systems during the lengthy process of evolution over
millions of years. Such defense systems can protect them from being attacked by invading …

Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are widely distributed in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive
bacteria. PFTs can act as virulence factors that bacteria utilise in dissemination and host …

Larvae of the genus Megalopyge (Lepidoptera: Zygaenoidea: Megalopygidae), known as
asp or puss caterpillars, produce defensive venoms that cause severe pain. Here, we …