This article reviews the behavioral neuroscience of extinction, the phenomenon in which a
behavior that has been acquired through Pavlovian or instrumental (operant) learning …

The parabrachial nucleus (PBN), which is located in the pons and is dissected by one of the
major cerebellar output tracks, is known to relay sensory information (visceral malaise, taste …

In vivo calcium imaging through microendoscopic lenses enables imaging of previously
inaccessible neuronal populations deep within the brains of freely moving animals …

Research on defensive behaviour in mammals has in recent years focused on elicited
reactions; however, organisms also make active choices when responding to danger. We …

Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are retrograde neuromodulators with important functions in a
wide range of physiological processes, but their in vivo dynamics remain largely …

The basolateral amygdala (BLA) plays essential roles in behaviors motivated by stimuli with
either positive or negative valence, but how it processes motivationally opposing information …

We developed a flexible two-photon microendoscope (2P-FENDO) capable of all-optical
brain investigation at near cellular resolution in freely moving mice. The system performs fast …

Highlights•Central amygdala circuits mediate defensive and appetitive responses.•Central
amygdala circuit activity is controlled by local inhibitory interactions.•Central amygdala …

Pain perception is essential for survival and can be amplified or suppressed by
expectations, experiences, and context. The neural mechanisms underlying bidirectional …

Anxiety disorders impose a staggering burden on public health, underscoring the need to
develop a deeper understanding of the distributed neural circuits underlying extreme fear …