Hemoglobin (Hb) occurs in all the kingdoms of living organisms. Its distribution is episodic
among the nonvertebrate groups in contrast to vertebrates. Nonvertebrate Hbs range from …

Hemoglobin (Hb) constitutes a vital link between ambient O2 availability and aerobic
metabolism by transporting oxygen (O2) from the respiratory surfaces of the lungs or gills to …

Animals that sustain high levels of aerobic activity under hypoxic conditions (eg, birds that fly
at high altitude) face the physiological challenge of jointly optimizing blood-O2 affinity for O2 …

The principal effect controlling the oxygen affinity of vertebrate haemoglobins (Hbs) is the
allosteric switch between R and T forms with relatively high and low oxygen affinity …

Flap** flight is energetically more costly than running, although it is less costly to fly a
given body mass a given distance per unit time than it is for a similar mass to run the same …

Humans elicit a robust series of physiological responses to maintain adequate oxygen
delivery during hypoxia, including a transient reduction in hemoglobin-oxygen (Hb-O2) …

The primary aim of this book is to provide a synthesis of our current understanding of
hemoglobin function and evolution, and to illustrate how research on one particular family of …

Abstract Storz, Jay F., and Hideaki Moriyama. Mechanisms of hemoglobin adaptation. High
Alt. Med. Biol. 9: 148–157, 2008.—Evidence from a number of vertebrate taxa suggests that …

In absolute terms, flight is a highly energetically expensive form of locomotion. However,
with respect to its cost per unit distance covered, powered flight is a very efficient mode of …

The study of molecular adaptation has long been fraught with difficulties, not the least of
which is identifying out of hundreds of amino acid replacements those few directly …