The deep ocean below 200 m water depth is the least observed, but largest habitat on our
planet by volume and area. Over 150 years of exploration has revealed that this dynamic …

The growing number of artificial structures in estuarine, coastal and marine environments is
causing “ocean sprawl”. Artificial structures do not only modify marine and coastal …

The rapidly evolving ocean economy, driven by human needs for food, energy,
transportation and recreation, has led to unprecedented pressures on the ocean that are …

Most spatial marine management techniques (eg, marine protected areas) draw stationary
boundaries around often mobile marine features, animals, or resource users. While these …

Management of marine ecosystems requires spatial information on current impacts. In
several marine regions, including the Mediterranean and Black Sea, legal mandates and …

The study of ecosystem services enables the understanding of the services that ecosystems
provide at the landscape level by explaining the relationship between natural capital …

The acceleration of global warming and increased vulnerability of marine social-ecological
systems affect the benefits provided by the ocean. Spatial planning of marine areas is vital to …

Background Resolving threats to widely distributed marine megafauna requires definition of
the geographic distributions of both the threats as well as the population unit (s) of interest …

In recent decades, sea enclosing and land reclamation has become an important way in
China to accommodate the increasing need of space for living and development. In this …

Where conservation resources are limited and conservation targets are diverse, robust yet
flexible priority-setting frameworks are vital. Priority-setting is especially important for …