The proteins extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) and ERK2 are the downstream
components of a phosphorelay pathway that conveys growth and mitogenic signals largely …

Predicting the effects of drugs before human clinical trials is at the heart of drug screening
and discovery processes. The cost of drug discovery is steadily increasing owing to the …

Cardiomyocytes (CMs) from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are functionally
immature, but this is improved by incorporation into engineered tissues or forced contraction …

The discovery of somatic cell nuclear transfer proved that somatic cells can carry the same
genetic code as the zygote, and that activating parts of this code are sufficient to reprogram …

To curb the high cost of drug development, there is an urgent need to develop more
predictive tissue models using human cells to determine drug efficacy and safety in advance …

The RASopathies are a group of disorders caused by a germline mutation in one of the
genes encoding a component of the RAS/MAPK pathway. These disorders, including …

The non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) SHP2, encoded by PTPN11, plays an
essential role in RAS-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling during normal …

Myocarditis—a frequent cause of dilated cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac death—
typically results from cardiotropic viral infection followed by active inflammatory destruction …

The discovery of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including both human embryonic
stem cells and human-induced pluripotent stem cells, has opened up novel paths for a wide …

Directed differentiation protocols enable derivation of cardiomyocytes from human
pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and permit engineering of human myocardium in vitro …