NF-κB pathway consists of canonical and non-canonical pathways. The canonical NF-κB is
activated by various stimuli, transducing a quick but transient transcriptional activity, to …

Innate immunity is the first defense system against invading pathogens. Toll-like receptors
(TLRs) are well-defined pattern recognition receptors responsible for pathogen recognition …

Protein ubiquitination is a dynamic multifaceted post-translational modification involved in
nearly all aspects of eukaryotic biology. Once attached to a substrate, the 76-amino acid …

The posttranslational modification with ubiquitin, a process referred to as ubiquitylation,
controls almost every process in cells. Ubiquitin can be attached to substrate proteins as a …

Since nuclear factor of κ‐light chain of enhancer‐activated B cells (NF‐κB) was discovered
in 1986, extraordinary efforts have been made to understand the function and regulating …

Infection of cells by microorganisms activates the inflammatory response. The initial sensing
of infection is mediated by innate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which include Toll …

Receptors of the innate immune system detect conserved determinants of microbial and viral
origin. Activation of these receptors initiates signaling events that culminate in an effective …

Ubiquitylation is essential for signal transduction as well as cell division and differentiation in
all eukaryotes. Substrate modifications range from a single ubiquitin molecule to complex …

Inflammation is triggered when innate immune cells detect infection or tissue injury.
Surveillance mechanisms involve pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on the cell surface …

The mammalian stress-activated families of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)
were first elucidated in 1994, and by 2001, substantial progress had been made in …