B cell activation and differentiation yields plasma cells with high affinity antibodies to a given
antigen in a time-frame that allows for host protection. Although the end product is most …

These guidelines are a consensus work of a considerable number of members of the
immunology and flow cytometry community. They provide the theory and key practical …

Protein sulfoconjugation, or sulfation, represents a critical post-translational modification
(PTM) process that involves the attachment of sulfate groups to various positions of …

Both non-immune “natural” and antigen-induced “immune” IgM are important for protection
against infections and for regulation of immune responses to self-antigens. The roles of its …

Studies on the expression of cellular glycans are limited by a lack of sensitive tools that can
discriminate specific structural features. Here we describe the development of a robust …

Barriers to effective gene therapy for many diseases include the number of modified target
cells required to achieve therapeutic outcomes and host immune responses to expressed …

Protein tyrosine O-sulfation is an essential post-translational modification required for
effective biological processes such as hemostasis, inflammatory response, and visual …

The repertoire of glycans expressed by individual cells and tissues is enormous, and various
estimates indicate that thousands of different glycans and “glycan determinants” are critical …

The leucine-rich repeat-based variable lymphocyte receptor B (VLRB) antibody system of
jawless vertebrates is capable of generating an antibody repertoire equal to or exceeding …

Adaptive immunity of the type found in mammals is phylogenetically restricted to the jawed
vertebrates; however, a second form of somatically diversifying receptors is present in the …