Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third most common
cause of death around the world. The affected patients suffer not only from impaired lung …

Most patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have at least one
additional, clinically relevant chronic disease. Those with the most severe airflow obstruction …

Acute and chronic lung injuries are among the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Lung
injury can affect several components of the respiratory system, including the airways …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the end result of a series of dynamic and
cumulative gene–environment interactions over a lifetime. The evolving understanding of …

Cigarette smoke (CS) poses a significant risk factor for respiratory, vascular, and organ
diseases owing to its high content of harmful chemicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients frequently suffer from multiple
comorbidities, resulting in poor outcomes for these patients. Diabetes is observed at a …

Autophagy (or macroautophagy) is a key cellular process that removes damaged molecules
(particularly proteins) and subcellular organelles to maintain cellular homeostasis. There is …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a worldwide prevalent respiratory disease
mainly caused by tobacco smoke exposure. COPD is now considered as a systemic disease …

Pulmonary diseases are main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current studies
show that though specific pulmonary diseases and correlative lung-metabolic deviance own …

In physiological concentrations, reactive oxygen species play a vital role in regulating cell
signaling and gene expression. Nevertheless, oxidative stress is implicated in the …