Successful goal-directed behavior requires not only correct action selection, planning, and
execution but also the ability to flexibly adapt behavior when performance problems occur or …

The role of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and especially the anterior cingulate cortex
has been the subject of intense debate for the last decade. A number of theories have been …

Covering basic theory, new research, and intersections with adjacent fields, this is the first
comprehensive reference work on cognitive control–our ability to use internal goals to guide …

Social value orientation (SVO) characterizes stable individual differences by an inherent
sense of fairness in outcome allocations. Using the event-related potential (ERP), this study …

The ability to learn not only from experienced but also from merely fictive outcomes without
direct rewarding or punishing consequences should improve learning and resulting value …

Feedback ERN (fERN) and frontal midline theta have both been proposed to index a
dopamine‐like reinforcement learning signal in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). We …

Previous studies have demonstrated that autonomic arousal is increased following correct
task performance on a difficult, relative to an easy, task. Here, we hypothesized that this …

Monetary and a social incentive delay tasks were used to characterize reward anticipation
and delivery with electroencephalography. During reward anticipation, N1, P2 and P3 …

The reward positivity is a component of the human ERP elicited by feedback stimuli in trial‐
and‐error learning and guessing tasks. A prominent theory holds that the reward positivity …

Social anxiety has been associated with abnormalities in cognitive processing in the
literature, manifesting as various cognitive biases. To what extent these biases interrupt …