Cortisol, a critical glucocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal glands, plays a pivotal
role in various physiological processes. Its release is finely orchestrated by the …

Impairment of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity is implicated in the numerous
neurological disorders associated with neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and aging. It …

It has been noticed in recent years that the unfavorable effects of the gut microbiota could
exhaust host vigor and life, yet knowledge and theory are just beginning to be established …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is an important physiological barrier that separates the
central nervous system (CNS) from the peripheral circulation, which contains inflammatory …

Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) disruption is an important pathophysiological process of acute
ischemic stroke (AIS), resulting in devastating malignant brain edema and hemorrhagic …

The prevalence of cerebrovascular disease increases with age, placing the elderly at a
greater lifetime risk for dementia. Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) encompasses a …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease triggered by environmental factors that act
on a genetically susceptible host. It features three clinical stages: a pre-clinical stage …

The adult quiescent blood–brain barrier (BBB), a structure organised by endothelial cells
through interactions with pericytes, astrocytes, neurons and microglia in the neurovascular …

One of the biggest challenges in managing multiple sclerosis is the heterogeneity of clinical
manifestations and progression trajectories. It still remains to be elucidated whether this …

Cytokines provide cells with the ability to communicate with one another and orchestrate
complex multicellular behaviour. There is an emerging understanding of the role that …