Stochastic thermodynamics as reviewed here systematically provides a framework for
extending the notions of classical thermodynamics such as work, heat and entropy …

In recent years, the study of heat to work conversion has been re-invigorated by
nanotechnology. Steady-state devices do this conversion without any macroscopic moving …

Thermodynamics originated in the need to understand novel technologies developed by the
Industrial Revolution. However, over the centuries, the description of engines, refrigerators …

Quantum thermodynamics addresses the emergence of thermodynamic laws from quantum
mechanics. The viewpoint advocated is based on the intimate connection of quantum …

The Carnot cycle imposes a fundamental upper limit to the efficiency of a macroscopic motor
operating between two thermal baths. However, this bound needs to be reinterpreted at …

We summarize in this article the experiments which have been performed to test the
theoretical findings in stochastic thermodynamics such as fluctuation theorem, Jarzynski …

The quantum Otto cycle serves as a bridge between the macroscopic world of heat engines
and the quantum regime of thermal devices composed from a single element. We compile …

The conversion of energy into mechanical work is essential for almost any industrial
process. The original description of classical heat engines by Sadi Carnot in 1824 has …

The seminal work by Sadi Carnot in the early nineteenth century provided the blueprint of a
reversible heat engine and the celebrated second law of thermodynamics eventually …

Cyclical heat engines are a paradigm of classical thermodynamics, but are impractical for
miniaturization because they rely on moving parts. A more recent concept is particle …