Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous chronic metabolic disorder characterized by the
presence of hyperglycemia, commonly preceded by a prediabetic state. The excess of blood …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly specialized neurovascular unit, initially described
as an intact barrier to prevent toxins, pathogens, and potentially harmful substances from …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a leading cause of vision loss and blindness worldwide, is
caused by retinal neurovascular unit dysfunction, and its cellular pathology involves at least …

Abstract Rationale: The Notch and transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling pathways
are two intracellular mechanisms that control fibrosis in general but whether they play a …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) manifests as a complicated and blinding complication in diabetes
mellitus. First-line treatments for advanced DR have shown ocular side-effects in some …

Microglia are the primary resident retinal macrophages that monitor neuronal activity in real-
time and facilitate angiogenesis during retinal development. In certain retinal diseases, the …

Immunotherapy has been recognized as an effective and important therapeutic modality for
multiple types of cancer. Nevertheless, it has been increasing recognized that clinical …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder that leads to
progressive cognitive decline and neuropathological changes. Pericytes, which are vessel …

Objective Endothelial dysfunction is an early and prevalent pathology in Alzheimer disease
(AD). We here investigate the value of vascular endothelial‐cadherin (VEC) as a …

Atherosclerosis is a chronic progressive inflammatory disease where advanced lesions can
eventually completely obstruct blood flow resulting in clinical events, such as a myocardial …