Prey seldom rely on a single type of antipredator defence, often using multiple defences to
avoid predation. In many cases, selection in different contexts may favour the evolution of …

Deimatic behaviours, also referred to as startle behaviours, are used against predators and
rivals. Although many are spectacular, their proximate and ultimate causes remain unclear …

Species traits and environmental conditions determine the occurrence and strength of
trophic interactions. If we understand the relationship between these factors and trophic …

'Deimatic'comes from the Greek δειματσω,'to frighten', and is generally used to describe
behaviour in which, when under attack, prey suddenly unleash unexpected defences to …

Predation is a powerful selective force sha** many behavioural and morphological traits
in prey species. The deflection of predator attacks from vital parts of the prey usually involves …

Highlights•The mountain katydid performs a colourful deimatic display when disturbed.•We
determined the visual, auditory and tactile stimuli that trigger this display.•Our results show …

Drop** is a common antipredator defence that enables rapid escape from a perceived
threat. However, despite its immediate effectiveness in predator–prey encounters (and …

Anti-predator defences are typically regarded as relatively static signals that conceal prey or
advertise their unprofitability. However, startle displays are complex performances that deter …

Well‐established ecological equations such as logistic growth may carry implicit
assumptions that are not immediately obvious. When such equations are adapted for a …

Numerous behaviors of natricine snakes are plausibly interpreted as antipredator
mechanisms that are useful at different stages of an encounter with a predator. Several of …