Aging is driven by hallmarks fulfilling the following three premises:(1) their age-associated
manifestation,(2) the acceleration of aging by experimentally accentuating them, and (3) the …

The analogy of mitochondria as powerhouses has expired. Mitochondria are living, dynamic,
maternally inherited, energy-transforming, biosynthetic, and signaling organelles that …

Repeated, episodic bouts of skeletal muscle contraction undertaken frequently as structured
exercise training are a potent stimulus for physiological adaptation in many organs …

No longer viewed as a metabolic waste product and cause of muscle fatigue, a
contemporary view incorporates the roles of lactate in metabolism, sensing and signaling in …

The mechanisms that explain mitochondrial dysfunction in aging and healthspan continue to
be studied, but one element has been unexplored: microproteins. Small open reading …

Exercise mimetics are a proposed class of therapeutics that specifically mimic or enhance
the therapeutic effects of exercise. Increased physical activity has demonstrated positive …

Mitokines are signaling molecules that enable communication of local mitochondrial stress
to other mitochondria in distant cells and tissues. Among those molecules are FGF21 …

Mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs) are small bioactive peptides encoded by short open-
reading frames (sORF) in mitochondrial DNA that do not necessarily have traditional …

Perturbation of mitochondrial function can trigger a host of cellular responses that seek to
restore cellular metabolism, cytosolic proteostasis, and redox homeostasis. In some cases …

Exercise, in the form of endurance or resistance training, leads to specific molecular and
cellular adaptions not only in skeletal muscles, but also in many other organs such as the …