Lignin is an abundant biopolymer with a high carbon content and high aromaticity. Despite
its potential as a raw material for the fuel and chemical industries, lignin remains the most …

The plant cell wall is composed of multiple biopolymers, representing one of the most
complex structural networks in nature. Hundreds of genes are involved in building such a …

Background Lignin is a polyphenolic polymer that strengthens and waterproofs the cell wall
of specialized plant cell types. Lignification is part of the normal differentiation programme …

Phenylpropanoids are a large class of plant secondary metabolites derived from aromatic
amino acids phenylalanine in most plants or tyrosine in partial monocots. It mainly includes …

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an extensive class of endogenous, small RNA molecules that sit
at the heart of regulating gene expression in multiple developmental and signalling …

The final step of lignin biosynthesis is the polymerization of monolignols in apoplastic cell
wall domains. In this process, monolignols secreted by lignifying cells, or occasionally …

Contents Summary 1703 I. Introduction 1703 II. Cellulose biosynthesis 1705 III. Xylan
biosynthesis 1709 IV. Glucomannan biosynthesis 1713 V. Lignin biosynthesis 1714 VI …

Highlights•Plant lignification is highly plastic.•Designer lignins may satisfy biological
requirements while reducing recalcitrance.•Engineered lignins may be shorter, less …

Lignin is a major component of secondarily thickened plant cell walls and is considered to
be the second most abundant biopolymer on the planet. At one point believed to be the …

Secondary walls are mainly composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses (xylan and
glucomannan) and lignin, and are deposited in some specialized cells, such as tracheary …