Hormonal changes around ovulation divide the menstrual cycle (MC) into the follicular and
luteal phases. In addition, oral contraceptives (OCs) have active (higher hormone) and …

Oxidative stress (OS) is primarily caused by the formation of free radicals and reactive
oxygen species; it is considered as one of the prominent factors in slowing down and …

On the 400th anniversary of Harvey's Lumleian lectures, this review focuses on
“hemodynamic” forces associated with the movement of blood through arteries in humans …

Female-specific research on sports science and sports medicine (SSSM) fails to mirror the
increase in participation and popularity of women's sport. Females have historically been …

Although sports nutrition guidelines promote evidence-based practice, it is unclear whether
women have been adequately included in the underpinning research. In view of the high …

Physical activity has profound impacts on the vasculature in humans. Acute exercise
induces immediate changes in artery function, whereas repeated episodic bouts of exercise …

Despite significant decreases in cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in the past three
decades, it still remains the leading cause of death in women. Following menopause and …

The introduction of duplex Doppler ultrasound almost half a century ago signified a
revolutionary advance in the ability to assess limb blood flow in humans. It is now widely …

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have a lower prevalence in women than men; although, a
higher mortality rate and a poorer prognosis are more common in women. However, there is …

Fluctuations in endogenous hormones estrogen and progesterone during the menstrual
cycle may offer vasoprotection for endothelial and smooth muscle (VSM) function. While …