Mucosal vaccines offer the potential to trigger robust protective immune responses at the
predominant sites of pathogen infection. In principle, the induction of adaptive immunity at …

B cells are essential for humoral immunity, but the role that they have in regulating CD4+ T
cell responses remains controversial. However, new data showing that the transient …

Tolerance to food antigen manifests in the absence and/or suppression of antigen-specific
immune responses locally in the gut but also systemically, a phenomenon known as oral …

Foxp3 regulatory T (T reg) cells play a key role in controlling immune pathological reactions.
Many develop their regulatory activity in the thymus, but there is also evidence for …

For many years, the intestine was one of the poor relations of the immunology world, being a
realm inhabited mostly by specialists and those interested in unusual phenomena. However …

In this Essay, we offer a new perspective on how immune responses are regulated. We do
not cover how they are turned on and off, but focus instead on the second major aspect of an …

Cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) is the nontoxic portion of cholera toxin. Its affinity to the
monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1) that is broadly distributed in a variety of cell types …

BACKGROUND: Sensitization to food antigen can occur through cutaneous exposure.
OBJECTIVE: We sought to test the hypothesis that epicutaneous sensitization with food …

Oral antigen administration to induce regulatory T cells (Treg) takes advantage of regulatory
mechanisms that the gastrointestinal tract utilizes to promote unresponsiveness against food …

Objective—Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease. Autoimmune responses to low-
density lipoproteins (LDL) contribute to its progression, whereas immunization with LDL may …