Animals often exhibit consistent-individual differences (CIDs) in boldness/fearfulness,
typically studied in the context of predation risk. We focus here on fear generalization, where …

Urbanization poses a major threat to biodiversity worldwide. We focused on birds as a well-
studied taxon of interest, in order to review literature on traits that influence responses to …

Increased boldness is one of the most prevalent behavioral modifications seen in urban
animals and is thought to be a co** response to anthropogenic environmental alterations …

Risk-taking in birds is often measured as the flight initiation distance (FID), the distance at
which individuals take flight when approached by a potential predator (typically a human) …

Names: Douglas, Ian, 1936–editor.| Routledge (Firm) Title: The Routledge handbook of
urban ecology/edited by Ian Douglas, Pippin Anderson, David Goode, Michael C. Houck …

Many animals can vary their behaviors to better utilize anthropogenic environments. Wildlife
living in highly disturbed environments often show an increased tolerance towards humans …

Innovative problem solving, repeated innovation, learning, and inhibitory control are
cognitive abilities commonly regarded as important components of behaviorally flexible …

Humans, like natural predators, can induce fear in wildlife, which has the potential to alter
species-level survival and fitness. Though anthropogenic impacts on wildlife have been …

Flight initiation distance (FID), the distance at which individuals take flight when approached
by a potential (human) predator, is a tool for understanding predator–prey interactions …

Urban environments are very heterogeneous, and birds living in the proximity of humans
have to adapt to local conditions, eg by changing their behavioural response to potential …