Northern hardwoods are an economically, ecologically, and culturally important forest type
spanning the upper latitudes of the United States and the lower latitudes of Canada. The …

Studies of old-growth forests are becoming increasingly important for the improvement of
silviculture and for understanding environmental changes. However, in Europe such forests …

Although numerous hypotheses have been proposed to explain the patterns of species
diversity of forests at local and landscape levels, it is still difficult to predict the alpha diversity …

Managing forests for resilience is crucial in the face of uncertain future environmental
conditions. Because harvest gap size alters the species diversity and vertical and horizontal …

Abstract Pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill.) barrens are a globally rare, fire-dependent ecosystem
of great ecological, social, and cultural significance found primarily in the northeastern US …

Research results on the structure of European OGF are often contradictory; while some
researchers stress equilibrium structures, others suggest that this rarely happens due to …

The structural patterns and dynamics of a primeval silver fir (Abies alba)–European beech
(Fagus sylvatica) forest in the Southern Carpathians (Romania) were assessed to gain …

The transformation of even-aged forests into continuous cover forests to improve resilience
and to promote biodiversity in Central Europe necessitates a re-evaluation of forest …

Tree size distributions of old-growth forests are a fundamental tool for both scientific analysis
and conservation management. In old-growth forests the diameter distribution shape may …

During the last millennia, all forests of the Italian Alps have been heavily affected by human
land-use. Consequently, forest structures have been modified, and there are no old growth …