Keratin is a highly multifunctional biopolymer serving various roles in nature due to its
diverse material properties, wide spectrum of structural designs, and impressive …

The equine limb has evolved for efficient locomotion and high‐speed performance, with
adaptations of bone, tendon and muscle. However, the system lacks the ability seen in some …

Many cell types have significant negative resting membrane potentials (RMPs) resulting
from the activity of potassium‐selective and chloride‐selective ion channels. In excitable …

The equine hoof has been considered as an efficient energy absorption layer that protects
the skeletal elements from impact when gallo**. In the present study, the hierarchical …

Reasons for performing study: Sandy beaches are often considered good training surfaces
for trotter horses. However, their biomechanical effects on locomotion are insufficiently …

The observation of locomotor activity and resting behaviour is used to determine time
budgets, which may give some indication for the assessment of horses' welfare concerning …

Although cardiac recovery is an important criterion for ranking horses in endurance
competitions, heart rate variability (HRV) has hardly ever been studied in the context of this …

Reasons for performing study: Although beach training is commonly used in horses, limb
loading on beach sand has never been investigated. A dynamometric horseshoe (DHS) is …

Results from a previous study indicated that there are specific arena surface characteristics
that are associated with an increased likelihood of lameness in dressage horses. It is …

Horseshoes influence how horses' hooves interact with different ground surfaces, during the
impact, loading and push-off phases of a stride cycle. Consequently, they impact on the …