Although hormones such as glucocorticoids have been broadly accepted in recent decades
as general neuromodulators of memory processes, sex steroid hormones such as the potent …

A historical perspective on estradiol's enhancement of cognitive function is presented, and
research, primarily in animals, but also in humans, is reviewed. Data regarding the …

It is well established that estrogens affect neuroplasticity in a number of brain regions. In
particular, estrogens modulate and mediate spine and synapse formation as well as …

Biological differences between males and females are found at multiple levels. However,
females have too often been under-represented in behavioral neuroscience research, which …

Prevalence of mental disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar
disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ) are increasing at alarming rates in our societies …

Sex differences in the function of the hippocampus have been observed in numerous
mammalian species. However, the magnitude, extent, and specificity of these differences are …

Ample evidence has demonstrated that sex steroid hormones, such as the potent estrogen
17β-estradiol (E2), affect hippocampal morphology, plasticity, and memory in male and …

Abstract The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has required the inclusion of women in
clinical studies since 1993, which has enhanced our understanding of how biological sex …

Sex steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol and exert pleiotropic effects notably
in the central nervous system. Pioneering studies from Baulieu and colleagues have …

Dendritic spine plasticity underlies the formation and maintenance of memories. Both natural
fluctuations and systemic administration of 17β-estradiol (E2) alter spine density in the …