Insects combat infection by mounting powerful immune responses that are mediated by
hemocytes, the fat body, the midgut, the salivary glands and other tissues. Foreign …

The host defence of insects includes a combination of cellular and humoral responses. The
cellular arm of the insect innate immune system includes mechanisms that are directly …

Since its first report in Anopheles mosquitoes in 1950s, insecticide resistance has spread
very fast to most sub-Saharan African malaria-endemic countries, where it is predicted to …

Ticks are ectoparasitic arthropods that necessarily feed on the blood of their vertebrate
hosts. The success of blood acquisition depends on the pharmacological properties of tick …

In mosquitoes, the interaction between the gut microbiota, the immune system, and the
pathogens that these insects transmit to humans and animals is regarded as a key …

Mosquito-borne diseases are associated with major global health burdens. Aedes spp. and
Culex spp. are primarily responsible for the transmission of the most medically important …

Highlights•Honey bee colony losses have been attributed to multiple factors including RNA
viruses.•The RNAi, Toll, Jak/Stat, and non-specific dsRNA mediated immune pathways have …

Multicellular organisms are constantly subjected to pathogens that might be harmful.
Although insects lack an adaptive immune system, they possess highly effective anti …

Symbiotic bacteria assist in maintaining homeostasis of the animal immune system.
However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie symbiont-mediated host immunity are …

Insects are by far the most abundant and diverse living organisms on earth and are
frequently prone to microbial attacks. In other to counteract and overcome microbial …