Conspectus Although macrocyclic peptides bearing exotic building blocks have proven their
utility as pharmaceuticals, the sources of macrocyclic peptide drugs have been largely …

Ribosome-dependent protein biosynthesis is an essential cellular process mediated by
transfer RNAs (tRNAs). Generally, ribosomally synthesized proteins are limited to the 22 …

The absence of orthogonal aminoacyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) synthetases that accept non-l-α-
amino acids is a primary bottleneck hindering the in vivo translation of sequence-defined …

Hierarchical materials that exhibit order over multiple length scales are ubiquitous in nature.
Because hierarchy gives rise to unique properties and functions, many have sought …

The introduction of noncanonical amino acids into proteins has enabled researchers to
modify fundamental physicochemical and functional properties of proteins. While the …

Abstract γ-Amino acids can play important roles in the biological activities of natural
products; however, the ribosomal incorporation of γ-amino acids into peptides is …

Technological advances and breakthrough developments in the pharmaceutical field are
knocking at the door of the “undruggable” fortress with increasing insistence. Notably, the …

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance is a global health concern and calls for the
development of novel antibiotic agents. Antimicrobial peptides seem to be promising …

Genetic code reprogramming has enabled us to ribosomally incorporate various
nonproteinogenic amino acids (npAAs) into peptides in vitro. The repertoire of usable npAAs …

mRNA display is a powerful biological display platform for the directed evolution of proteins
and peptides. mRNA display libraries covalently link the displayed peptide or protein …