Introduction: Studies in the 1970s and 1980s signaled concern that repeated influenza
vaccination could affect vaccine protection. The antigenic distance hypothesis provided a …

The imperfect effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccines is often blamed on antigenic
mismatch, but even when the match appears good, effectiveness can be surprisingly low …

Highlights•Early viral infections shape B cell response recalled against future viral
strains.•Competition between memory and naïve B cells occurs in secondary viral …

The term “original antigenic sin”(OAS) was first used in the 1960s to describe how one's first
exposure to influenza virus shapes the outcome of subsequent exposures to antigenically …

The concept of “original antigenic sin” was first proposed by Thomas Francis, Jr. in 1960.
This phenomenon has the potential to rewrite what we understand about how the immune …

Immunological memory is the key source of protective immunity against pathogens. At the
current stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, heterologous combinations of exposure to viral …

Background. The antigenic distance hypothesis (ADH) predicts that negative interference
from prior season's influenza vaccine (v1) on the current season's vaccine (v2) protection …

The influenza A virus infection continues to be a threat to the human population. The
seasonal variation of the virus and the likelihood of periodical pandemics caused by …

Persistent and durable immunological memory forms the basis of any successful vaccination
protocol. Generation of pre-existing memory B cell and T cell pools is thus the key for …

Immune imprinting is a phenomenon that stems from the fundamentals of immunological
memory. Upon recurrent exposures to an evolving pathogen, the immune system must …