The Andes are the world's most biodiverse mountain chain, encompassing a complex array
of ecosystems from tropical rainforests to alpine habitats. We provide a synthesis of Andean …

Mountain building in the Andes, the longest continental mountain range on Earth, started in
the Late Cretaceous but was highly diachronous. Reconstructing the timing of surface uplift …

Construction of the Andes has been governed largely by fluctuating contractional, neutral,
and extensional tectonic regimes during differing degrees of mechanical coupling along the …

We review geological evidence on the origin of the modern transcontinental Amazon River,
and the paleogeographic history of riverine connections among the principal sedimentary …

The Andean margin is the plate-tectonic paradigm for long-lived, continuous subduction, yet
its geology since the late Mesozoic era (the past 100 million years or so) has been far from …

South America is home to the highest freshwater fish biodiversity on Earth, and the hotspot
of species richness is located in the western Amazon basin. The location of this hotspot is …

The unparalleled biodiversity found in the American tropics (the Neotropics) has attracted
the attention of naturalists for centuries. Despite major advances in recent years in our …

The Amazon hosts one of the largest and richest rainforests in the world, but its origins
remain debated. Growing evidence suggests that geodiversity and geological history played …

The Amazon is the largest drainage basin on Earth and contains a wide variety of abiotic
landscape features. In spite of this, the geodiversity in this basin has not yet been objectively …

Convergent plate boundaries show sharp variations in orogenic width and extent of
intraplate deformation. Analysis of late Cenozoic contractile deformation along the Andean …