Castration is a response to the tradeoff between consumption and longevity faced by
parasites. Common parasitic castrators include larval trematodes in snails, and isopod and …

Aquatic wildlife is increasingly subjected to emerging diseases often due to perturbations of
the existing dynamic balance between hosts and their parasites. Accelerating changes in …

Molluscs comprise the second largest phylum of animals (after arthropods), occurring in
virtually all habitats. Some are commercially important, a few are pests and some carry …

Cleaning symbiosis has been documented extensively in the marine environment over the
past 50 years. We estimate global cleaner diversity comprises 208 fish species from 106 …

Cleaning behaviour is deemed a mutualism, however the benefit of cleaning interactions to
client individuals is unknown. Furthermore, mechanisms that may shift fish community …

Most individual fish in farmed and wild populations are infected with parasites. Upon
dissection of fish, helminths from gut are often easily visible. Enteric helminths include …

Growing evidence suggests that biodiversity mediates parasite prevalence. We have
compiled the first global database on occurrences and prevalence of marine parasitism …

There is a bewildering array of fish parasites and probably all fish species harbour one or
more species. Under normal conditions hosts often show little or no signs of infection, either …

Current aquatic farming practices and the species that are grown worldwide are
extraordinarily varied and reflect the diversity of habitats, ecological niches and biological …

Different parasitic life strategies are described including four new life cycles: complex
rebrooding, micro-male, mesoparasite and prey-predator transfer. Four new life cycle …