BACKGROUND It is unknown whether the Moon has a fully differentiated and melted
structure with a metallic core or retains a partially primordial, unmelted interior. The …

The Moon is the only planetary body other than the Earth for which samples have been
collected in situ by humans and robotic missions and returned to Earth. Scientific …

Abstract The Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) mission has sampled lunar
gravity with unprecedented accuracy and resolution. The lunar GM, the product of the …

Ferric iron as well as magnetite are rarely found in lunar samples, and their distribution and
formation mechanisms on the Moon have not been well studied. Here, we discover sub …

The Moon possesses a clear dichotomy in geological processes between the nearside and
farside hemispheres. The most pronounced expressions of this dichotomy are the strong …

The evolution of the lunar magnetic field can reveal the Moon's interior structure, thermal
history, and surface environment. The mid-to-late-stage evolution of the lunar magnetic field …

Magnetic fields are proposed to have played a critical role in some of the most enigmatic
processes of planetary formation by mediating the rapid accretion of disk material onto the …

Determining the presence or absence of a past long-lived lunar magnetic field is crucial for
understanding how the Moon's interior and surface evolved. Here, we show that Apollo …

Magnetic measurements of the lunar crust and Apollo samples indicate that the Moon
generated a dynamo magnetic field lasting from at least 4.2 until< 2.5 billion years (Ga) ago …

The Moon is key to understanding both Earth and our Solar System in terms of planetary
processes and has been a witness of the Solar System history for more than 4.5 Ga. Building …