Despite decades of research on the neurobiology of major depressive disorder (MDD), the
mechanisms underlying its expression remain unknown. The medial prefrontal cortex …

Astrocytes play crucial roles in brain homeostasis and are regulatory elements of neuronal
and synaptic physiology. Astrocytic alterations have been found in Major Depressive …

Learning to predict threat is essential, but equally important—yet often overlooked—is
learning about the absence of threat. Here, by recording neural activity in two nucleus …

Background Depression is the most common mental illness. Mounting evidence suggests
that dysregulation of extracellular ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is involved in the …

Complex pathophysiology in psychiatric disorders results in difficulties interpreting pre-
clinical data. Guilloux et al.(2011b), proposed an integrated behavioural z-scoring …

Recent studies based on animal models of various neurological disorders have indicated
that mitophagy, a selective autophagy that eliminates damaged and superfluous …

Anxiety is a normal and transitory emotional state that allows the organisms to cope well with
the real or perceived threats, while excessive or prolonged anxiety is a key characteristic of …

Regret describes recognizing alternative actions could have led to better outcomes. It
remains unclear whether regret derives from generalized mistake appraisal or instead …

Women suffer from depression at twice the rate of men, but the underlying molecular
mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we identify marked baseline sex differences in …

Anxiety and depressive disorders are closely associated; however, the pathophysiology of
these disorders remains poorly understood. Further exploration of the mechanisms involved …