Recent years have seen a rapid expansion in the ability of earth system models to describe
and predict the physical state of the ocean. Skilful forecasts ranging from seasonal (3 …

The ocean is a key component of the Earth system (Chapter 1) as it provides essential life
supporting services (Inniss et al. 2017). For example, it stores heat trapped in the …

Climate change is impacting marine ecosystems throughout the circumpolar Arctic, altering
seasonal habitats and the food bases for fishes, seabirds, and marine mammals. Arctic and …

Marine heatwaves (MHWs)—discrete but prolonged periods of anomalously warm ocean
temperatures—can drastically alter ocean ecosystems, with profound ecological and …

Migrating wildlife species across the globe face a dire predicament as their traditional
migratory routes are cut off by human encroachment. Forced into smaller and smaller …

Tuna are globally distributed species of major commercial importance and some tuna
species are a major source of protein in many countries. Tuna are characterized by dynamic …

The Atlantic bluefin tuna (hereafter referred to as “bluefin tuna”), one of the world's most
valuable and exploited fish species, has been declining in abundance throughout the …

Marine recreational fishing is popular globally and benefits coastal economies and people's
well‐being. For some species, it represents a large component of fish landings. Climate …

Natural and human stressors in the high seas act across a wide range of spatial and
temporal scales. These include direct interaction such as fisheries bycatch or indirect …

Blue shark (Prionace glauca) is amongst the most abundant shark species in international
trade, however this highly migratory species has little effective management and the need …