Drug consumption is driven by a drug's pharmacological effects, which are experienced as
rewarding, and is influenced by genetic, developmental, and psychosocial factors that …

Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis
and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in …

Oxidative stress, which results in the damage of diverse biological molecules, is a ubiquitous
cellular process implicated in the etiology of many illnesses. The sulfhydryl-containing …

An optimally functional brain requires both excitatory and inhibitory inputs that are regulated
and balanced. A perturbation in the excitatory/inhibitory balance—as is the case in some …

With the acceleration of population aging, nervous system diseases including Alzheimer's
disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), anxiety, depression …

Together with aspartate, glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.
Glutamate binds and activates both ligand-gated ion channels (ionotropic glutamate …

The nucleus accumbens is a major input structure of the basal ganglia and integrates
information from cortical and limbic structures to mediate goal-directed behaviors. Chronic …

Increasing data indicate that inflammation and alterations in glutamate neurotransmission
are two novel pathways to pathophysiology in mood disorders. The primary goal of this …

N-acetylcysteine (NAC), which is an acetylated cysteine compound, has aroused scientific
interest for decades due to its important medical applications. It also represents a nutritional …

BACKGROUND: N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been in clinical practice for several decades. It
has been used as a mucolytic agent and for the treatment of numerous disorders including …