Single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays are solid-state detectors that offer imaging
capabilities at the level of individual photons, with unparalleled photon counting and time …

After three decades of developments, single particle tracking (SPT) has become a powerful
tool to interrogate dynamics in a range of materials including live cells and novel catalytic …

Fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) is a key fluorescence microscopy technique to map the
environment and interaction of fluorescent probes. It can report on photophysical events that …

We present a CMOS imager consisting of smart pixels, each one able to detect single
photons in the 300–900 nm wavelength range and to perform both photon-counting and …

The wave-particle duality of light introduces two fundamental problems to imaging, namely,
the diffraction limit and the photon shot noise. Quantum information theory can tackle them …

We report on the design and characterization of a multipurpose 64× 32 CMOS single-photon
avalanche diode (SPAD) array. The chip is fabricated in a high-voltage 0.35-μm CMOS …

The alternating-laser excitation (ALEX) scheme continues to expand the possibilities of
fluorescence-based assays to study biological entities and interactions. Especially the …

Single-molecule spectroscopy is a powerful method for studying the physics of molecular
systems, particularly biomolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids. By avoiding …

Photosynthesis begins when a network of pigment–protein complexes captures solar energy
and transports it to the reaction center, where charge separation occurs. When necessary …

Silicon single-photon avalanche detectors are becoming increasingly significant in research
and in practical applications due to their high signal-to-noise ratio, complementary metal …