A series of spectacular scientific discoveries and technological advances in the second half
of the 20th century have provided the basis for the ongoing genome editing revolution. The …

In bacteria and archaea, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
(CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins constitute an adaptive immune system …

Conventional CRISPR–Cas systems maintain genomic integrity by leveraging guide RNAs
for the nuclease-dependent degradation of mobile genetic elements, including plasmids and …

CRISPR-Cas, the bacterial and archaeal adaptive immunity systems, encompass a complex
machinery that integrates fragments of foreign nucleic acids, mostly from mobile genetic …

Gene therapy has long held promise to correct a variety of human diseases and defects.
Discovery of the Clustered Regularly-Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR), the …

The evolution of CRISPR–cas loci, which encode adaptive immune systems in archaea and
bacteria, involves rapid changes, in particular numerous rearrangements of the locus …

Bacteria and archaea possess a range of defense mechanisms to combat plasmids and viral
infections. Unique among these are the CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short …

BACKGROUND Prokaryotes have evolved multiple systems to combat invaders such as
viruses and plasmids. Examples of such defense systems include receptor masking …

The CRISPR-associated endonuclease Cas9 can be targeted to specific genomic loci by
single guide RNAs (sgRNAs). Here, we report the crystal structure of Streptococcus …

The redundancy of the genetic code implies that most amino acids are encoded by multiple
synonymous codons. In all domains of life, a biased frequency of synonymous codons is …