Vegetation greenness has been increasing globally since at least 1981, when satellite
technology enabled large-scale vegetation monitoring. The greening phenomenon, together …

Drought is one of the most difficult natural hazards to quantify and is divided into categories
(meteorological, agricultural, ecological and hydrological), which makes assessing recent …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

It is unequivocal that the increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4)
and nitrous oxide (N2O) since the pre-industrial period are caused by human activities. The …

Global vegetation and associated ecosystem services critically depend on soil moisture
availability which has decreased in many regions during the last three decades. While …

Despite the growing interest in predicting global and regional trends in vegetation
productivity in response to a changing climate, changes in water constraint on vegetation …

Surface-water availability, defined as precipitation minus evapotranspiration, can be affected
by changes in vegetation. These impacts can be local, due to the modification of …

Climate policy has thus far focused solely on carbon stocks and sequestration to evaluate
the potential of forests to mitigate global warming. These factors are used to assess the …

Vegetation change can alter surface energy balance and subsequently affect the local
climate. This biophysical impact has been well studied for forestation cases, but the sign and …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …