This paper reviews four commonly-used microwave radiative transfer models that take
different electromagnetic approaches to simulate snow brightness temperature (TB): the …

Precise measurements of snow structural parameters are crucial to understand the formation
of snowpacks by deposition and metamorphism and to characterize the stratigraphy for …

The Snow Microwave Radiative Transfer (SMRT) thermal emission and backscatter model
was developed to determine uncertainties in forward modeling through intercomparison of …

We used three-dimensional (3-D) images of snow microstructure to carry out numerical
estimations of the full tensor of the intrinsic permeability of snow (K). This study was …

Estimating thermal conductivity of snow, firn, and porous ice is key for modeling the thermal
regime of alpine and polar glaciers. Whereas thermal conductivity of snow was widely …

DMRT-ML is a physically based numerical model designed to compute the thermal
microwave emission of a given snowpack. Its main application is the simulation of brightness …

The high albedo of snow largely determines the climate of polar regions by controlling
energy absorption at the surface. In Antarctica, where light-absorbing impurities are few …

The specific surface area (SSA), defined as the surface area of ice per unit mass, is an
important variable characterizing the complex microstructure of snow. Its application range …

The description of snow microstructure in microwave models is often simplified to facilitate
electromagnetic calculations. Within dense media radiative transfer (DMRT), the …

Snow grain-size characterization, its vertical and temporal evolution is a key parameter for
the improvement and validation of snow and radiative transfer models (optical and …