Female pelvic floor dysfunction encompasses a number of prevalent conditions and
includes pelvic organ prolapse, urinary and fecal incontinence, obstructed defecation, and …

Background This is Part 3 in the series of reviews from the IOC expert committee on exercise
and pregnancy in recreational and elite athletes. Part 1 focused on the effects of training …

Introduction and hypothesis Female pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a common condition,
with a lifetime risk for surgery of 10–20%. Pregnancy and childbirth are the commonest …

Introduction and hypothesis The term 'maternal birth trauma'has undergone substantial
changes in meaning over the last 2 decades. Leaving aside psychological morbidity …

Objectives To study possible associations between mode of delivery and pelvic organ
prolapse (POP) and pelvic floor muscle trauma 16–24 years after first delivery and, in …

Childbirth-related major maternal trauma is much more common than generally assumed,
and it is the primary etiological factor in POP and anal incontinence. Both sphincter and …

Cesarean section rates have become a political issue, attracting the attention of
governments, health bureaucrats and professional organizations. In some instances this has …

Abstract Key Content• Levator ani muscle (LAM) avulsion injury occurs occultly during
childbirth, most commonly during operative vaginal deliveries.• Injuries of levator ani have …

Objective To assess the effect of levator ani muscle (LAM) coactivation at term on outcome of
labor in nulliparous women. Methods This was a prospective study of 284 low‐risk …

Abstract Brief Summary: Maternal somatic birth trauma due to vaginal delivery is more
common than generally assumed and an important cause of future morbidity. Maternal birth …