Background The origin of birds from non-avian theropod dinosaur ancestors required a
comprehensive restructuring of the body plan to enable the evolution of powered flight. One …

Vertebrate development and phylogeny are intimately connected through the vertebral
formula, the numerical distribution of vertebrae along the body axis into different categories …

Animals need to accurately sense changes in their body position to perform complex
movements. It is increasingly clear that the vertebrate central nervous system contains a …

Flight in birds evolved through patterning of the wings from forelimbs and transition from
alternating gait to synchronous flap**. In mammals, the spinal midline guidance molecule …

Simple Summary Morphometric analysis of the spinal cord and surrounding tissue of the
American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) reveals that there are four significantly …

The lumbosacral‐canal system in birds most likely operates as a sense organ involved in
the control of balanced walking and perching, but our knowledge of it is superficial …

Birds are exceptionally adept at controlling their body position. For example, they can
coordinate rapid movements of their body while stabilizing their head. Intriguingly, this ability …

Mechanosensory information is a critical component of organismal movement control
systems. Understanding the role mechanosensation plays in modulating organismal …

In this article, we document the widespread presence of bony ridges in the neural canals of
non‐avian dinosaurs, including a wide diversity of sauropods, two theropods, a …

Neuroscience courses can be enriched by including an evolutionary perspective. To that
end, this essay identifies several concepts critical to understanding nervous system …