This review discusses alcohol and other forms of drug addiction as both a sociocultural and
biological phenomenon. Sex differences and gender are not solely determined by biology …

Acute pain induces depressed mood, and chronic pain is known to cause depression.
Depression, meanwhile, can also adversely affect pain behaviors ranging from …

Animal studies confirm earlier anecdotal observations in humans to indicate that early life
experience has a profound impact on adult behavior, years after the original experience has …

Rodent models are an indispensable tool for studying etiology and progress of depression.
Since interrelated systems of neurotrophic factors and cytokines comprise major regulatory …

Background: Stress is a common reaction to an environmental adversity, but a dysregulation
of the stress response can lead to psychiatric illnesses such as major depressive disorder …

Rapidly growing evidences link maternal lifestyle and prenatal factors with serious health
consequences and diseases later in life. Extensive epidemiological studies have identified a …

Exposure to prenatal stress (PS) can predispose individuals to the development of
psychopathology later in life. We examined the effects of unpredictable chronic mild stress …

Stress or high levels of glucocorticoids (GCs) during developmental periods is known to
induce persistent effects in the neuroendocrine circuits that control stress response, which …

Stress-induced alterations in neuronal plasticity and in hippocampal functions have been
suggested to be involved in the development of mood disorders. In this context, we …

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of environmental enrichment (EE) in Wistar rats
subjected to maternal deprivation (MD). MD was performed in the first post-natal days (PND) …