A trace element, known as a minor element, is a chemical element whose concentration is
very low. They are divided into essential and non-essential classes. Numerous physiological …

The processes of bone resorption and formation are tightly governed by a variety of systemic
and local regulatory agents. In addition, minerals and trace elements affect bone formation …

The most common cause of death in the intensive care unit (ICU) is the development of
multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Besides life-supporting treatments, no cure …

Studies suggest that cadmium is associated with several clinical complications, primarily
renal dysfunction and bone disease, but also some cancers. Cadmium toxicity has been …

The biomineral component of bones and teeth is synthesized within the body, under direct
physiological control, and therefore the chemistry of bone (including the trace element …

The paper provides physicians and clinical chemists with statistical data (concentration
ranges, geometric mean values, selected percentiles, etc.) about 30 urinary trace elements …

Calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium homeostasis is altered in chronic kidney disease
(CKD). Hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and hypermagnesemia are not seen until …

The imbalance between osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis is a feature of bone
metabolic disease. Cadmium (Cd) exposure causes human bone loss and osteoporosis …

Magnesium (Mg) is the main intracellular divalent cation, and under basal conditions the
small intestine absorbs 30–50% of its intake. Normal serum Mg ranges between 1.7–2.3 …

The kidney has a vital role in magnesium homeostasis and, although the renal handling of
magnesium is highly adaptable, this ability deteriorates when renal function declines …